Стоимость приложения:
Версия программы:
1.3
Размер дистрибутива:
1.56 Mb
Последнее обновление:
14.03.2017
Требуется Android версии:
Android 3.1 и выше
Язык интерфейса:
Русский, Английский

Скачать AndroGensКак установить приложение? AndroGens3.7 out of 5 based on 3 votes

AndroGens – это прекрасный эмулятор для любого смартфона, который даст старым пиксельным играм новую жизнь.

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Чтобы поиграть в любимые игры, которые были популярны в далёкие девяностые не обязательно покупать старые приставки, достаточно просто скачать AndroGens на Андроид бесплатно.

Этот эмулятор во многом схож с Gensoid и FPse for Android: эмулятор Sony PlayStation One. Предназначена программа для работы с играми, которые разрабатывались на Sega Mega Drive.

Интерфейс программы полностью повторяет стандартную приставку, но плюс ещё и в том, что в вашей галереи уже есть список доступных игр разных жанров.

Свою коллекцию можно пополнять, качая дополнительные игры на дочерних сайтах или же просто обновлять программу и при наличии новых игр в каталоге AndroGens сам их отобразит.

Работать с программой очень просто, доступны даже настройки качества картинки, что позволит уменьшить нагрузку на систему смартфона, если ОЗУ в нём уж очень мало.

Что нового:

  • Исправлены мелкие баги.
  • Добавлен каталог игр и улучшена система управления.
  • Повысилась стабильность.

AndroGens является одним из лучших эмуляторов Segа и это выражается не только в натуральной и подробной картинке, но и в удобном управлении.

На данный момент невозможно подключить контролеры, управление происходит по средствам клавиш на экране, но в скором времени эти возможности обещают добавить. AndroGens даже без наличия джойстика позволит без проблем управлять персонажами, поскольку нужные клавиши небольшие и размещены по углам, тем самым, не закрывая основное поле игры.

Опубликовано вИнструменты Прочитано 2078 раз Последнее изменение 14.03.2017 10:30

Ссылки для скачивания:

Скачать AndroGens для Android AndroGens is an emulator for Genesis, also called Megadrive in Europe.It features:- 99.9% compatibility on Genesis games- Customizable on-screen buttons (size and position)- Easy-to-use GUI- Save state- Optimized code to save battery life- Full support for physical controllers- XPeria Play support- Support of roms with «.gen», «.bin» and «.md» extensionsThis emulator has been downloaded more than 2 million times! After a quite long hiatus, development on this app is ongoing again… Thanks everyone for your support :)This app just provide the virtual system for Genesis / Megadrive; it does not provide any game.You must get roms for games that you own over the web.We can not and will not explain you how to get them.This is a FREE version of AndroGens, which contains ads.Please check our other apps for a paid version of AndroGens that does not contain ads.This application is open source.It is licensed under GPLv2.You can read GPLv2 license here : http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.htmlIt is based on the code from DroidGen, which is also licensed under GPLv2, and which is also based on components, such as Genesis Plus GX (which is also GPL'ed).You can grab the source code here:https://tizmoplay.com/AndroGens-GPL.tar.gzThis app is not affiliated with SEGA in any way.It is not approved, endorsed, supported or produced by SEGA.»Megadrive» and «Genesis» are trademarks from SEGA.The games shown in action belong to their respective owners; these images just prove the functionality of the emulator, but do not belong to TizmoPlay.

An androgen (from Greek andr-, the stem of the word meaning «man») is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone that regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.[1] This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty. Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands.

Androgen
Drug class
Testosterone, the major androgen.
Class identifiers
Synonyms Androgenic hormone; Testoid
Use Hypogonadism, transgender men, performance enhancement, bodybuilding, others
ATC code G03B
Biological target Androgen receptor, mARs (e.g., GPRC6A, others)
External links
MeSH D000728
In Wikidata

Androgens increase in both boys and girls during puberty.[2] The major androgen in males is testosterone.[3]Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are of equal importance in male development.[3] DHT in utero causes differentiation of penis, scrotum and prostate. In adulthood, DHT contributes to balding, prostate growth, and sebaceous gland activity.

Although androgens are commonly thought of only as male sex hormones, females also have them, but at lower levels: they function in libido and sexual arousal. Also, androgens are the precursors to estrogens in both men and women.

In addition to their role as natural hormones, androgens are used as medications; for information on androgens as medications, see the androgen replacement therapy and anabolic steroid articles.

Types and examplesEdit

The main subset of androgens, known as adrenal androgens, is composed of 19-carbon steroids synthesized in the zona reticularis, the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex. Adrenal androgens function as weak steroids (though some are precursors), and the subset includes dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), androstenedione (A4), and androstenediol (A5).

Besides testosterone, other androgens include:

  • Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex from cholesterol.[4] It is the primary precursor of natural estrogens. DHEA is also called dehydroisoandrosterone or dehydroandrosterone.
  • Androstenedione (A4) is an androgenic steroid produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries. While androstenediones are converted metabolically to testosterone and other androgens, they are also the parent structure of estrone. Use of androstenedione as an athletic or bodybuilding supplement has been banned by the International Olympic Committee, as well as other sporting organizations.
  • Androstenediol (A5) is the steroid metabolite thought to act as the main regulator of gonadotropin secretion.
  • Androsterone is a chemical byproduct created during the breakdown of androgens, or derived from progesterone, that also exerts minor masculinising effects, but with one-seventh the intensity of testosterone. It is found in approximately equal amounts in the plasma and urine of both males and females.
  • Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a metabolite of testosterone, and a more potent androgen than testosterone in that it binds more strongly to androgen receptors. It is produced in the skin and reproductive tissue.

Determined by consideration of all biological assay methods (circa 1970):[5]

Female ovarian and adrenal androgensEdit

Ovaries and adrenal gland produce much lower levels than the testes. Regarding the relative contributions of ovaries and adrenal gland to female androgen levels, in a study with six menstruating women the following observations have been made:[6]

  • Adrenal contribution to peripheral T, DHT, A, DHEA and DHEA-S is relatively constant throughout the menstrual cycle
  • Ovarian contribution of peripheral T, A and DHEA-S reaches maximum levels at midcycle, whereas ovarian contribution to peripheral DHT and DHEA does not seem to be influenced by the menstrual cycle
  • Ovary and adrenal cortex contribute equally to peripheral T, DHT and A. With the exception that at midcycle ovarian contribution of peripheral A is twice that of the adrenal.
  • Peripheral DHEA and DHEA-S are produced mainly in the adrenal cortex which provides 80% of DHEA and over 90% of DHEA-S.
Ovarian and adrenal contribution to peripheral androgens during the menstrual cycle[6]
Androgen Ovarian (%) (F, M, L) Adrenal (%)
DHEA 20 80
DHEA-S 4, 10, 4 90–96
Androstenedione 45, 70, 60 30–55
Testosterone 33, 60, 33 40–66
DHT 50 50
F = early follicular, M = midcycle, L = late luteal phase.

Biological functionEdit

Male prenatal developmentEdit

Testes formationEdit

During mammalian development, the gonads are at first capable of becoming either ovaries or testes.[7] In humans, starting at about week 4, the gonadal rudiments are present within the intermediate mesoderm adjacent to the developing kidneys. At about week 6, epithelial sex cords develop within the forming testes and incorporate the germ cells as they migrate into the gonads. In males, certain Y chromosome genes, particularly SRY, control development of the male phenotype, including conversion of the early bipotential gonad into testes. In males, the sex cords fully invade the developing gonads.

Androgen productionEdit

The mesoderm-derived epithelial cells of the sex cords in developing testes become the Sertoli cells, which will function to support sperm cell formation. A minor population of nonepithelial cells appear between the tubules by week 8 of human fetal development. These are Leydig cells. Soon after they differentiate, Leydig cells begin to produce androgens.

Androgen effectsEdit

The androgens function as paracrinehormones required by the Sertoli cells to support sperm production. They are also required for masculinization of the developing male fetus (including penis and scrotum formation). Under the influence of androgens, remnants of the mesonephron, the Wolffian ducts, develop into the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles. This action of androgens is supported by a hormone from Sertoli cells, Müllerian inhibitory hormone (MIH), which prevents the embryonic Müllerian ducts from developing into fallopian tubes and other female reproductive tract tissues in male embryos. MIH and androgens cooperate to allow for movement of testes into the scrotum.

Early regulationEdit

Before the production of the pituitary hormone luteinizing hormone (LH) by the embryo starting at about weeks 11–12, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) promotes the differentiation of Leydig cells and their production of androgens at week 8. Androgen action in target tissues often involves conversion of testosterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Male pubertal developmentEdit

At the time of puberty, androgen levels increase dramatically in males, and androgens mediate the development of masculine secondary sexual characteristics as well as the activation of spermatogenesis and fertility and masculine behavioral changes such as gynephilia and increased sex drive. Masculine secondary sexual characteristics include androgenic hair, voice deepening, emergence of the Adam’s apple, broadening of the shoulders, increased muscle mass, and penile growth.

SpermatogenesisEdit

During puberty, androgen, LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) production increase and the sex cords hollow out, forming the seminiferous tubules, and the germ cells start to differentiate into sperm. Throughout adulthood, androgens and FSH cooperatively act on Sertoli cells in the testes to support sperm production.[8] Exogenous androgen supplements can be used as a male contraceptive. Elevated androgen levels caused by use of androgen supplements can inhibit production of LH and block production of endogenous androgens by Leydig cells. Without the locally high levels of androgens in testes due to androgen production by Leydig cells, the seminiferous tubules can degenerate, resulting in infertility. For this reason, many transdermal androgen patches are applied to the scrotum.

Fat depositionEdit

Males typically have less body fat than females. Recent results indicate androgens inhibit the ability of some fat cells to store lipids by blocking a signal transduction pathway that normally supports adipocyte function.[9] Also, androgens, but not estrogens, increase beta adrenergic receptors while decreasing alpha adrenergic receptors- which results in increased levels of epinephrine/ norepinephrine due to lack of alpha-2 receptor negative feedback and decreased fat accumulation due to epinephrine/ norepinephrine then acting on lipolysis-inducing beta receptors.

Muscle massEdit

Males typically have more skeletal muscle mass than females. Androgens promote the enlargement of skeletal muscle cells and probably act in a coordinated manner to function by acting on several cell types in skeletal muscle tissue.[10] One cell type conveys hormone signals to generating muscle, the myoblast. Higher androgen levels lead to increased expression of androgen receptor. Fusion of myoblasts generates myotubes, in a process linked to androgen receptor levels.[11]

BrainEdit

Circulating levels of androgens can influence human behavior because some neurons are sensitive to steroid hormones. Androgen levels have been implicated in the regulation of human aggression and libido. Indeed, androgens are capable of altering the structure of the brain in several species, including mice, rats, and primates, producing sex differences.[12]

Numerous reports have shown androgens alone are capable of altering the structure of the brain,[13] but identification of which alterations in neuroanatomy stem from androgens or estrogens is difficult, because of their potential for conversion.

Evidence from neurogenesis (formation of new neurons) studies on male rats has shown that the hippocampus is a useful brain region to examine when determining the effects of androgens on behavior. To examine neurogenesis, wild-type male rats were compared with male rats that had testicular feminization mutation (TMF), a genetic disorder resulting in complete or partial insensitivity to androgens and a lack of external male genitalia.

Neural injections of Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) were applied to males of both groups to test for neurogenesis. Analysis showed that testosterone and dihydrotestosterone regulated adult hippocampalneurogenesis (AHN). Adult hippocampalneurogenesis was regulated through the androgen receptor in the wild-type male rats, but not in the TMF male rats. To further test the role of activated androgen receptors on AHN, flutamide, an antiandrogen drug that competes with testosterone and dihydrotestosterone for androgen receptors, and dihydrotestosterone were administered to normal male rats. Dihydrotestosterone increased the number of BrdU cells, while flutamide inhibited these cells.

Moreover, estrogens had no effect. This research demonstrates how androgens can increase AHN.[14]

Researchers also examined how mild exercise affected androgen synthesis which in turn causes AHN activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors.

NMDA induces a calcium flux that allows for synaptic plasticity which is crucial for AHN.

Researchers injected both orchidectomized (ORX) (castrated) and sham castrated male rats with BrdU to determine if the number of new cells was increased. They found that AHN in male rats is increased with mild exercise by boosting synthesis of dihydrotestosterone in the hippocampus.

Again it was noted that AHN was not increase via activation of the estrogen receptors.[15]

Androgen regulation decreases the likelihood of depression in males. In preadolescent male rats, neonatal rats treated with flutamide developed more depression-like symptoms compared to control rats.

Again BrdU was injected into both groups of rats in order to see if cells were multiplying in the living tissue. These results demonstrate how the organization of androgens has a positive effect on preadolescenthippocampalneurogenesis that may be linked with lower depression-like symptoms.[16]

Social isolation has a hindering effect in AHN whereas normal regulation of androgens increases AHN. A study using male rats showed that testosterone may block social isolation, which results in hippocampalneurogenesis reaching homeostasis—regulation that keeps internal conditions stable. A Brdu analysis showed that excess testosterone did not increase this blocking effect against social isolation; that is, the natural circulating levels of androgens cancel out the negative effects of social isolation on AHN.[17]

Female-specific effectsEdit

Androgens have potential roles in relaxation of the myometrium via non-genomic, androgen receptor-independent pathways, preventing premature uterine contractions in pregnancy.[18]

Androgen insensitivityEdit

Reduced ability of an XY-karyotype fetus to respond to androgens can result in one of several conditions, including infertility and several forms of intersex conditions.

MiscellaneousEdit

Yolk androgen levels in certain birds have been positively correlated to social dominance later in life. See American coot.

Biological activityEdit

Androgens bind to and activate androgen receptors (ARs) to mediate most of their biological effects.

Relative potencyEdit

Determined by consideration of all biological assay methods (circa 1970):[5]

Androgen Potency (%)
Testosterone 100
5α-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) 90
Androstanediol 60
Androstenedione 20
Dehydroepiandrosterone 10
Androsterone 10

5α-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was 2.4 times more potent than testosterone at maintaining normal prostate weight and duct lumen mass (this is a measure of epithelial cell function stimulation). Whereas DHT was equally potent as testosterone at preventing prostate cell death after castration.[19]

Non-genomic actionsEdit

Androgens have also been found to signal through membrane androgen receptors, which are distinct from the classical nuclear androgen receptor.[20][21][22]

BiochemistryEdit

Steroidogenesis, showing the relation between several androgens, is at bottom left. Estrone and estradiol, in contrast, are estrogens.[23]

BiosynthesisEdit

Androgens are synthesized from cholesterol and are produced primarily in the gonads (testicles and ovaries) and also in the adrenal glands. The testicles produce a much higher quantity than the ovaries. Conversion of testosterone to the more potent DHT occurs the prostate gland, liver, brain and skin.

MetabolismEdit

Androgens are metabolized mainly in the liver.

Medical usesEdit

A low testosterone level (hypogonadism) in men may be treated with testosterone administration. Prostate cancer may be treated by removing the major source of testosterone: testicle removal (orchiectomy); or agents which block androgens from accessing their receptor: antiandrogens.

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^Sriram. «Steroids». Medicinal Chemistry. Pearson Education India. p. 437.
  2. ^«15 Ways To Get Rid Of Pimples Overnight Natural». Fast Health Fitness. 17 May 2016.
  3. ^ abCarlson, Neil (22 January 2012). Physiology of Behavior. Reproductive Behavior. 11th edition. Pearson. p. 326. ISBN 978-0205239399.
  4. ^«Androgens». DIAsource.
  5. ^ abSteroid Biochemistry and Pharmacology by Briggs and Brotherton, Academic Press.
  6. ^ abAbraham GE (1 August 1974). «Ovarian and Adrenal Contribution to Peripheral Androgens During the Menstrual Cycle». The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 39 (2): 340–346. doi:10.1210/jcem-39-2-340. PMID 4278727.
  7. ^Scott F. Gilbert; with a chapter on plant development by Susan R. Singer (2000). Scott F. Gilbert (ed.). Developmental Biology (6th ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-243-6.[page needed]
  8. ^Stephen Nussey; Saffron Whitehead (2001). Saffron A. Whitehead; Stephen Nussey (eds.). Endocrinology: an integrated approach. Oxford: British Institute of Organ Studies. ISBN 978-1-85996-252-7.[page needed]
  9. ^Singh R, Artaza JN, Taylor WE, Braga M, Yuan X, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Bhasin S (January 2006). «Testosterone inhibits adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells: nuclear translocation of androgen receptor complex with beta-catenin and T-cell factor 4 may bypass canonical Wnt signaling to down-regulate adipogenic transcription factors». Endocrinology. 147 (1): 141–54. doi:10.1210/en.2004-1649. PMC 4417624. PMID 16210377.
  10. ^Sinha-Hikim I, Taylor WE, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Zheng W, Bhasin S (October 2004). «Androgen receptor in human skeletal muscle and cultured muscle satellite cells: up-regulation by androgen treatment». The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 89 (10): 5245–55. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0084. PMID 15472231.
  11. ^Vlahopoulos S, Zimmer WE, Jenster G, Belaguli NS, Balk SP, Brinkmann AO, Lanz RB, Zoumpourlis VC, Schwartz RJ (March 2005). «Recruitment of the androgen receptor via serum response factor facilitates expression of a myogenic gene». The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (9): 7786–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.M413992200. PMID 15623502.
  12. ^Cooke B, Hegstrom CD, Villeneuve LS, Breedlove SM (October 1998). «Sexual differentiation of the vertebrate brain: principles and mechanisms». Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 19 (4): 323–62. doi:10.1006/frne.1998.0171. PMID 9799588.
  13. ^Zuloaga DG, Puts DA, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM (May 2008). «The role of androgen receptors in the masculinization of brain and behavior: what we’ve learned from the testicular feminization mutation». Hormones and Behavior. 53 (5): 613–26. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.01.013. PMC 2706155. PMID 18374335.
  14. ^Hamson DK, Wainwright SR, Taylor JR, Jones BA, Watson NV, Galea LA (2013). «Androgens increase survival of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus by an androgen receptor-dependent mechanism in male rats». Endocrinology. 154 (9): 3294–304. doi:10.1210/en.2013-1129. PMID 23782943.
  15. ^Okamoto M, Hojo Y, Inoue K, Matsui T, Kawato S, McEwen BS, Soya H (2012). «Mild exercise increases dihydrotestosterone in hippocampus providing evidence for androgenic mediation of neurogenesis». PNAS. 109 (32): 13100–13105. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210023109. PMC 3420174. PMID 22807478.
  16. ^Zhang JM, Tonelli L, Regenold WT, McCarthy MM (2010). «Effects of neonatal flutamide treatment on hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis correlate with depression-like behaviors in preadolescent male rats». Neuroscience. 169 (1): 544–54. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.029. PMC 3574794. PMID 20399256.
  17. ^Spritzer MD, Ibler E, Inglis W, Curtis MG (2011). «Testosterone and social isolation influence adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of male rats». Neuroscience. 195: 180–90. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.034. PMC 3198792. PMID 21875652.
  18. ^Makieva S, Saunders PT, Norman JE (2014). «Androgens in pregnancy: roles in parturition». Hum. Reprod. Update. 20 (4): 542–59. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu008. PMC 4063701. PMID 24643344.
  19. ^Wright AS, Thomas LN, Douglas RC, Lazier CB, Rittmaster RS (December 1996). «Relative potency of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in preventing atrophy and apoptosis in the prostate of the castrated rat». J. Clin. Invest. 98 (11): 2558–63. doi:10.1172/JCI119074. PMC 507713. PMID 8958218.
  20. ^Bennett NC, Gardiner RA, Hooper JD, Johnson DW, Gobe GC (2010). «Molecular cell biology of androgen receptor signalling». Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42 (6): 813–27. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2009.11.013. PMID 19931639.
  21. ^Wang C, Liu Y, Cao JM (2014). «G protein-coupled receptors: extranuclear mediators for the non-genomic actions of steroids». Int J Mol Sci. 15 (9): 15412–25. doi:10.3390/ijms150915412. PMC 4200746. PMID 25257522.
  22. ^Lang F, Alevizopoulos K, Stournaras C (2013). «Targeting membrane androgen receptors in tumors». Expert Opin. Ther. Targets. 17 (8): 951–63. doi:10.1517/14728222.2013.806491. PMID 23746222.
  23. ^Häggström, Mikael; Richfield, David (2014). «Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis». WikiJournal of Medicine. 1 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.005. ISSN 2002-4436.

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